Russia's media watchdog Roskomnadzor has written to Google, Twitter and Facebook warning them against violating Russian Internet laws, and a spokesman said yesterday they risk being blocked if they do not comply with the rules.
Roskomnadzor said it had sent letters this week to the three US-based Internet firms asking them to comply with Internet laws which critics of president Vladimir Putin have decried as censorship.
"In our letters we regularly remind [companies] of the consequences of violating the legislation," said Roskomnadzor spokesman Vadim Ampelonsky.
He added that, because of the encryption technology used by the three firms, Russia had no way of blocking specific Web sites and so could only bring down particular content it deemed in violation of law by blocking access to their whole services.
To comply with the law, the three firms must hand over data on Russian bloggers with more than 3 000 readers per day, and take down Web sites that Roskomnadzor sees as containing calls for "unsanctioned protests and unrest", Ampelonsky said.
Putin, a former KGB spy, once described the Internet as a project of the CIA, highlighting deep distrust between Moscow and Washington, whose ties are now badly strained.
He promised late last year not to put the Internet under full government control, but Kremlin critics see the Internet laws as part of a crackdown on freedom of speech since Putin returned to the Kremlin for a third term in 2012.
A law passed last year gives Russian prosecutors the right to block without a court decision Web sites with information about protests that have not been sanctioned by authorities.
Under other legislation, bloggers with large followings must go through an official registration procedure and have their identities confirmed by a government agency.
Facebook says it responds to government data requests about its users that comply with company policies and local laws and meet international standards of legal process.
A company Web site that publishes statistics on how Facebook handles data requests shows it rejected both of two Russian government requests for information on its users last year. In contrast, it produced some data in response to nearly 80% of over 14 000 requests made by US courts, police and government agencies in the second six months of 2014.
Twitter had a similar response rate in the US but rejected 108 Russian government requests in the second half of last year, according to data on the company's government Transparency Report site.
In its semi-annual Transparency Report, Google said it provided some information on users in response to 5% of 134 Russian government requests made in the second half of 2014 - again far less than in the US. The company says it complies with requests that follow accepted legal procedures and Google policies.
"We realise they are registered under US jurisdiction. But I think in this case they should demonstrate equal respect to national legislation," said Ampelonsky.
If the companies do not pay more attention to Russian government requests for data, he added, "we will need to apply sanctions".
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